What is TIA Protal ?

Totally Integrated Automation Portal (TIA Portal). It gives you unrestricted access to the complete range of digitalized automation services, from digital planning to integrated engineering and transparent operation. With TIA Portal you gain valuable competitive advantages.

                      The Totally Integrated Automation Portal (TIA Portal), provides an engineering framework for implementing automation solutions in all industries around the globe. From designing, commissioning, operating, and maintaining to upgrading automation systems, the TIA Portal saves engineers time, cost, and effort. SIMATIC STEP 7 in the TIA Portal is the software for the configuration, programming, testing, and diagnosis of all modular and PC-based SIMATIC controllers, and includes a variety of user-friendly functions.

Software in TIA Portal

With TIA Portal you not only integrate the basic software (STEP 7, WinCC, SINAMICS Startdrive, SIMOCODE ES and SIMOTION SCOUT TIA), but you also benefit from additional functionalities provided by new options such as TIA Portal Multiuser Engineering and Power Management with SIMATIC Energy Suite via a single interface. That’s why TIA Portal offers everything you need for end-to-end engineering, both now and in the future.

Siemense 840D PLC General Reset Procedure

The following steps with the PLC start-up switch S4 will cause a PLC GENERAL RESET:

1. Turn to position “2” (STOP operating state)

PS LED lights up.

2. Turn to position “3” (MRES operating state, request general reset) and hold

in this position (for approx. 3 second) until the PS STOP LED lights up again.

PS LED goes out and comes on again.

3. Within 3 second, turn to the

STOP-MRES-STOP (“2”–“3”–“2”) positions

PS LED PS first flashes at approx. 2 Hz and then lights up again

PF LED lights up

4. Once the PS and PF LEDs are lit, turn the switch S4 to position “0”

The PS and PF LEDs goes out and the PR LED (green) lights up

A general reset of the PLC is complete. It is now in cyclical mode.

CNC Machine Spindle

Spindles are electrically or air-powered devices that come in numerous sizes. Typically, there is a shaft that holds the tool together, a motor, and a taper used to control various tools. Then, the spindle rotates on an axis. The axis is controlled by commands coming from either a person or a computer.

             Spindle is a rotating shaft with a fixture for holding a tool (in the case of a milling, grinding, or drilling spindle) or a workpiece (in the case of a turning spindle). The spindle shaft serves as a support, a positioner, and a rotary drive for the tool or workpiece.

      Varieties of spindles include grinding spindles, electric spindles, machine tool spindles, low-speed spindles, high speed spindles.

CNC Machine Spindle 

CNC Machine Spindle Design 

 

CNC Machine internal design show in Picture above 

Resistance, Inductor,Capacitor

 

1.Resistor / Resistance: It is the property of a material which opposes the flow of electric current through it. Conductors have low resistance while insulators have very high resistance. It is measured in Ohms

2.Inductor / Inductance: It is the property of a coil to resist any change in electric current flowing through it. Self inductance is caused when a coil resists the current change through itself. Mutual inductance occurs when a secondary coil opposes current change in a primary coil. Inductance is measured in Henry.

3.Capacitor / Capacitance: The amount of charge that can be stored inside a capacitor at a given voltage is called Capacitance. It gets charged when charges are forced into the positive (or upper) plate of the capacitor due to emf. Similarly, it discharged when charges are forcefully pulled out of the capacitor. Capacitance is measured in Farad.

AC and DC

Electricity flows in two ways: either in an alternating current (AC) or in a direct current (DC). Electricity or "current" is nothing but the movement of electrons through a conductor, like a wire. The difference between AC and DC lies in the direction in which the electrons flow. In DC, the electrons flow steadily in a single direction, or "forward." In AC, electrons keep switching directions, sometimes going "forward" and then going "backward."Alternating current is the best way to transmit electricity over large distances.

Power Transformer

Power transformer is a static machine used for transforming power from one circuit to another without changing the frequency. As there is no rotating or moving parts, a transformer is classified as a static device. Transformer operates on an AC supply. Transformers operate based on the principle of mutual induction.

 

Grinding Machine

Grinding machine or grinder is an industrial power tool that uses an abrasive wheel for cutting or removing the material.

                           Grinding machine uses an abrasive product — usually a rotating wheel — to shape and finish a workpiece by removing metal and generating a surface within a given tolerance. A grinding wheel is made with abrasive grains bonded together. Each grain acts as a cutting tool, removing tiny chips from the workpiece.

Following are the types of grinding machines:

1.Bench Grinder: These types of grinding machines are fixed on a workbench or table. Gear or pulley is fitted in it. For rotating the big-size gears or pulley a handle is also fixed. It contains one or two grinding wheels. Edges of cutting tools can be made with this grinder. Provision can be made to operate these with power also.

2.Hand Grinder: This grinder is also fixed on the workbench or table. There is a provision of moving the grinding wheels with a level.

3.Pedestal Grinder: These types of grinding machines are operated with electric power. This is fitted on a pedestal frame separately on the ground. A grinder wheel is fitted each on both sides of the shaft of the electric motor.Tools rests are also provided with them. These are the most widely used in the workshops

4.Portable Grinder: This is a small grinder operated with electric power. It can be easily carried anywhere. Grinding can be done by holding it in hand. It is used for cleaning heavy welding jobs.

5.Flexible Grinder: Flexible shaft is fitted on the motor shaft with the help of a coupling. On one end of the shaft, a grinding wheel and handle are provided. Large jobs can be easily grinded with this grinder.

6.Precision Grinder: In this type of grinder, a movable spindle is fitted in the grinding wheel. This spindle is fitted on a table along with its motor. With this spindle, the grinding wheel can be turned in forward, backward, left, or right direction in running condition. Jobs of excellent finish and accuracy are grinded with it.

7.Surface Grinder: A surface grinder is a reciprocating grinding machine used for making flat surfaces on workpieces. It can form surfaces with greater precision.

8.Swing Frame Grinder: This grinder consists of a 2 or 3-meter long frame with a grinding wheel that is suspended at its center of gravity so that it can move freely.

Classification of Grinding Machine

Basically Grinding machine can be classified into two categories which are:

1.Non-Precision Grinding Machine: By this grinding machine, such materials are removed from workpieces that are rough such as materials made from casting, forging, etc.

Non Precision Grinders are :

1.Bench Grinder

2.Pedestal Grinder 

3.Portable Grinder 

4.Flexible Shaft Grinder

5.Swing Frame Grinder

2.Precision Grinding Machine: By this grinding machine, such materials are removed from workpieces that are soft and required precise surface finished.

Precision Grinders are:

Surface Grinder 

1.Horizontal Spindle Reciprocating Table Horizontal Spindle Rotary Table

2.Vertical Spindle Reciprocating Table

3.Vertical Spindle Rotary Table 

Cylindrical Grinder 

1.External Cylindrical Grinder 

2.Internal Cylindrical Grinder 

3.Universal Cylindrical Grinder

4.Centerless Grinder

A.Tool and Cutter Grinder

B.Special Purpose Grinding Machine

Other Grinding Machine: It may be precision or non precision grinding machine.

1.Wet Grinding : In most of the grinding machines, there is a provision of a regular flow of coolant apparently on the workpiece where the wheel touches.  

2.Dry Grinding : There is no arrangement of coolant system with the grinding machine and the workpiece is finished on that grinding machine then it is called dry grinding.

Grinding Defects

There are the following grinding defects found during the grinding operation.

1.Overheated Spots

2.Chatter Marks

3.Rapid wear of the Wheel

Causes of Overheated Spots

The excess wheel speed and feed.

Wheel in glazing condition.

Not using enough coolant.  

Remedies of Overheated Spots

Use the right speed ​​and feed.

Dress the wheel.

Use sufficient coolant

Causes of Chatter Marks

Wheel not mounted properly.

Slackness in the spindle.

Wheel unbalanced.

Not clamping properly job.

Excess cut depth for the machine.

Remedies of Chatter Marks

Mount the wheel correctly.

Remove slackness of spindle.

Balance the wheel.

Clamp the job properly.

Use the correct cut depth.

Causes of Rapid Wear of the Wheel

Wheel too soft.

Grinding wheel speed is less than the permissible speed.

Remedies Rapid Wear of the Wheel

Use the correct grade of the wheel.

Increase the wheel speed to the approved speed.

Adjustable Spanner

Adjustable spanner is an open-ended wrench with a moveable jaw. Its function is the same as any regular spanner to grip fasteners, such as nuts and bolts.

Clamp and Types of Clamp

Clamp: Device designed to bind or constrict or to press two or more parts together so as to hold them firmly. 

                  Any of various devices used to join, grip, support, or compress mechanical or structural parts that can be brought together, usually by a screw, to grip something.

 

Production and Types of Production

What is production?

Production is a process of value addition, which is developed to transform a set of input elements like man, raw material, capital, energy, information into finished products and services in proper quality and quantity.

“Production is the organised activity of transforming resources into finished products in the form of goods and services; the objective of production is to satisfy the demand for such transformed resources”

What are 4 types of production?

1) Unit or Job type of production

2) Batch type of Production

3) Mass Production or Flow production

4) Continuous production or Process production

Punch and Types of Punch Tool

Punch is a device used to make an indentation or hole in a hard surface. Typically, they consist of a hard metal rod with a large flat “butt” at one end and a narrow tip at the other

When used, the narrower end is pointed against a target surface and the broad end is then struck with a hammer or mallet, causing the blunt force of the blow to be transmitted down the rod body and focused more sharply onto a small area. 

Types of punches are as follows:

1. Centre punch

2.Prick punch

3.Solid punch

4.Transfer punch

5.Drive punch

6.Pin punch

7.Roll pin punch

8.Hollow punch

9.Dot punch

10.Letter stamps

11.Tablet punch

1024 PMM Axis Not Ready

This type of problem occurs when the PMM module is not healthy or not on.

Remedy:

1. Check PMM module fuse, The fuse should not be bad

2. Check control contector should be ON 

9030 SPN 1 Overcurrent Pow Circuit Alarm

This type of alarm comes when there is a load on the spindle or one of the servo axis due to current increases and the driver goes to tripped 

Remedy:

1.To resolve this issue, turn on the power again

2.Check Bearings and LM guide for jamming 

Plier and Types of Pliers

The primary purpose of the tool known as pliers is to grip objects firmly. The objects can then be turned, bent, or otherwise manipulated. Pliers have parallel handles, a pivot where the handles join, and parallel jaws that grasp the object. Special-use pliers may have additional components and purposes, such as cutting pliers. Types of pliers include engineer's pliers for gripping metal, flat-nosed pliers for grasping smaller objects, electrician's pliers for gripping electrical wires, and round-nosed pliers for bending wire into loops. The most common are slip-joint and plumber's pliers, both with slip-joint adjustments to change the width of the jaw grip. In addition, locking pliers, sometimes known by the Vice-Grip brand name, are popular for firmly holding objects.